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<td width="929" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> DNA Testing for Relationship > Technology Overview</td>
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<p>
<h1><font size="+1" color="#CC0000"> Technology Overview</font></h1> <b><em>
<h2> Our DNA testing systems enable us to evaluate most parentage cases</h2></em>
</b>
<table width="929" border="0">
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<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"><h3> Autosomal Short Tandem Repeats (Au-STR) analysis</h3></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33" height="142" rowspan="3" valign="top"></td>
<td width="16" valign=top>●</td>
<td width="537" valign=top>Human DNA Identification and Relationship Testing</td>
<td width="325" rowspan="14" valign="top" ><img src="techpic01.png" width="325" height="289" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="16" height="43" valign=top>●</td>
<td valign=top><ul>
Extended System, analyzing 21 to 33 STR loci</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="16" valign=top>●</td>
<td valign=top><ul>
For DNA paternity test, our standard system
includes Applied Biosystems (ABI) IdentifilerPlus analyzing 15 genetic loci plus amelogenin
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"><h3> Forensic DNA Samples and Aged DNA Samples</h3></td>
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<tr valign="top">
<td valign="bottom"> </td>
<td valign="top">●</td>
<td valign="bottom">In-house developed <strong>Mini-STR system</strong> for DNA profiling of degraded or fragmented DNA samples</td>
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<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"><h3>
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nucleotide sequencing</h3></td>
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<td >
●</td>
<td >For tracing maternal ancestry in Grandparentage DNA Test and DNA Maternity Test</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td >●</td>
<td >Test whether sharing the same mother with siblings- Siblings DNA Test
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td >●</td>
<td >For hair or bone samples that have limited amount of usable genomic DNA</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"><h3>
Sex Chromosomal STR analysis (X and Y chromosomes STR)</h3></td>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="31"></td>
<td>●</td>
<td>X-Chromosome STR tracing the maternal lineage whether share the same female ancestor or paternal lineage in deficiency case</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="31"></td>
<td>●</td>
<td>Y-Chromosome STR tracing the paternal lineage whether share the same male ancestor</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="31"></td>
<td>●</td>
<td>Used in forensic identification to confirm the gender of suspect</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="3" valign="top"><h3>
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)</h3></td>
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<p>
<a name="Samples" id="Samples"></a><strong><font color="#CC0000"><h2> DNA Test Samples to Report</h2></font></strong>
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<td width="10"></td>
<td width="916"><p>All cells/tissues or objects containing cellular DNA are suitable as samples for DNA testing. Examples that we have handled are listed in each section. <strong><em>Same body, different cellular sources, same DNA, identical results</em></strong><em>!</em></p>
<p>All biological samples are carefully extracted for DNA by our laboratory staff using commercial and/or GenePro’s lab-developed methods that are customized for handling challenging samples. Extracted DNA will then be: quantified, amplified (STR by PCR) and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis; and/or nucleotide sequencing if needed, followed by interpretation of the results. </p></td>
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<td></td>
<td> </td>
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<br />
<a name="Test" id="Test"></a><font color="#CC0000"><h2> DNA Test Protocols</h2></font>
<table width="928">
<tr>
<td> GenePro’s relationship DNA testing follows the recommendations of international guidelines:</td>
</tr>
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<table width="929" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="33" height="66" rowspan="3"> </td>
<td width="16" height="34" valign="top">●</td>
<td width="866" valign="top">International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) [Morling et al 2002, Forensic Sci. Intl. 129:148-157; Gjertson et al 2007, Forensic Sci. Intl.(Genetics)];
．<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">●</td>
<td valign="top">American Association of Blood Banks Standards (AABB) [Guideline for Relationship Testing Laboratories 12th Ed., 2015].</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">●</td>
<td width="866" valign="top">Documented protocols and interpretations in the literature are also used.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="19" colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
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<br />
<br />
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<td width="17"></td>
<td width="909"><p>Statement of biological relationship is based on Likelihood Ratio (LR, e.g. Paternity/Kinship Index) that compares contrasting hypotheses mutually exclusive (i.e. Probability of a true relationship / Probability of a false relationship). </p>
<p>Calculation is based on a specific population database (𝜃 = 0.01) and the probability (W) is calculated using a prior probability of 50%. </p>
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