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<td width="929" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> DNA Testing for Relationship > Paternity and DNA Tests</td>
</tr></table><p><strong>
<h1><font color="#CC0000"> DNA Paternity Test </font></h1>
</strong>
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<td colspan="4" valign="bottom"><p>In DNA Paternity testing, the DNA profile of the child was compared with the alleged father’s DNA, with or without presence of the mother’s DNA profile. A person’s genetic make-up is unique, since half of the child’s DNA is inherited from the biological father and the other half from the biological mother, through DNA paternity testing one can tell whether the alleged father and the child are biologically related.</p></td>
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<td colspan="4" valign="bottom"><p>Standard DNA Paternity Testing, <a href="test_order_info.html#lawyers"><font color="#0099CC">Legal Use</font></a></p></td>
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<td width="26" height="78" rowspan="2" valign="top"></td>
<td width="16" valign=top>●</td>
<td colspan="2" valign=top>Trio DNA Paternity Test - Test the alleged father, mother and child)</td>
</tr>
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<td width="16" valign=top>●</td>
<td width="721" valign=top>Duo ‘Motherless’ DNA Paternity Test - Test only the alleged father and child</td>
<td width="161" valign="top" ></td>
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<td height="20" colspan="4" valign="bottom"></td>
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</table>
<h2><strong><font color="#CC0000"> DNA Maternity Test</font></strong> </h2>
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<td colspan="3"><p>In DNA Maternity testing, the DNA profile of the child was compared with the alleged mother’s DNA. Since half of the child’s DNA is inherited from the biological father and the other half from the biological mother, through DNA maternity testing one can tell whether the alleged mother and the child are biologically related.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"><p>Standard DNA Maternity Testing, <a href="test_order_info.html"><font color="#0099CC">Legal Use</font></a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="26" valign="top"></td>
<td width="16" valign="top">●</td>
<td valign="top">Duo ‘Fatherless” Maternity Test – Test only the alleged mother and child</td>
</tr>
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<td height="20" colspan="3" valign="bottom"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<h2><strong><font color="#CC0000"> Other DNA Paternity and DNA Maternity testing*</font></strong> </h2>
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<td valign="top"></td>
<td valign="top">●</td>
<td valign="top">Prenatal DNA Paternity Testing – Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villi Sampling</td>
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<td valign="top"></td>
<td valign="top">●</td>
<td valign="top">Post-Mortem DNA Test- Identify the biological relationship with the deceased</td>
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<td width="26" valign="top"></td>
<td width="16" valign="top">●</td>
<td valign="top">Abortion DNA Paternity and Maternity test</td>
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<td height="20" valign="bottom"> </td>
<td height="20" colspan="2" valign="bottom">*These tests require special arrangement, <a href="test_order_info.html"><font color="#0099CC">contact us</font></a> for more details</td>
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<br />
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<td align="center" valign="middle"><strong>► <a href="test_order_info.html"><font color="#0099CC">Order a Legal / Private Paternity test now</font></a></strong></td>
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<br />
<br />
<h2><strong><font color="#CC0000"> Home DNA Paternity Test and DNA Maternity Test</font></strong> </h2>
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<td width="22" height="20" valign="bottom"> </td>
<td width="910" height="20" valign="bottom">GenePro’s advance protocols DNA extraction from wide range of DNA containing samples. These including but not limited to the following:</td>
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<br />
<div class="samplelist" id="samplelist">
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<td colspan="4"><h3><b> <u>Test Samples:</u></b></h3></td>
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<td width="46" rowspan="2"> </td>
<td valign="top"><ul>
<li>Buccal Cell Samples:</li>
</ul></td>
<td width="259" rowspan="2" valign="top"><ul>
<li>Whole Blood</li>
<li>Blood Stain / FTA paper</li>
<li>Hair with Root</li>
<li>Chorionic Villi Sample</li>
<li>Amniotic Fluid</li>
<li>FFPE Tissue & Slide</li>
</ul></td>
<td width="263" rowspan="2" valign="top"><ul>
<li>Semen & Semen Stain</li>
<li>Vaginal Stain</li>
<li>Nail</li>
<li>Tissues, biopsy, autopsy</li>
<li>Abortus</li>
<li>Postmortem Samples</li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="182" valign="top"> <p>Buccal Swab<br />
Cigarette butt<br />
Cup & Drinking Bottle<br />
Drinking Straw<br />
Baby Pacifier etc.</td>
</tr>
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<br />
<em><h2> The most quick and easy way to obtain DNA from buccal cells for at Home DNA Paternity Testing?<br/>
</h2>
</em>
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<td width="25"> </td>
<td width="920"><p>Before doing buccal swab sampling, rinse your mouth with water. Use a cotton bud and do swabbing at your inner cheek repeatedly to collect sufficient buccal cells onto the cotton bud. <strong>Important:</strong> Remember to leave cotton bud air-dried before transferring into a plastic bag or envelop. The buccal swab samples should store in cool and dry place until being sent to our laboratory for testing.<br />
<br />
Benefits: Painless, high accuracy, lower price and DNA Paternity test results within 48 hours</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br />
</p>
<a name="understand" id="understand"></a>
<h2><b><font color="#CC0000"> Understand your DNA Paternity Test Results…</font></b></h2>
</strong> <table width="850" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"></td>
<td bgcolor="#F4F4F4"><p><strong><em>Inclusion:</em></strong> When all paternal genes/maternal genes can be found in the son/daughter, the <u>biological relationship is true</u>. A calculated Combined Paternity Index (CPI) of 100 corresponding to an accuracy of 99% is considered significant for inclusion (AABB Annual Report Summary for Paternity Testing, 2010). However, when the <u>father, mother, child</u> are all tested, the accuracy of a true relationship is generally higher than <strong>99.999%. </strong>If the <u>mother is not tested</u>, the accuracy is lower than the corresponding case when <u>father, mother, child</u> are tested.
<strong><em><br />
<br />
Exclusion:</em></strong> The <u>biological relationship is false</u> when not all paternal genes/maternal genes are found in the son/daughter, resulting in mismatched genes (exclusions) at different chromosome loci. AABB Standards (2010) recommended 2 or more mismatches at different loci and a Calculated Paternity Index (CPI) less than 0.0001 (accuracy lower than 0.00001%) are required for exclusion of the relationship, even when genetic mutation rates are considered in the calculation.</p>
</td>
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<br/>
<br/>
<p><strong><font color="#CC0000">
<h2> Applications<a name="app" id="app"></a> of Legal DNA Paternity Test </h2></font></strong></p>
<b><h4> Cases we have handled:</h4></b>
<table width="924" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="26" height="376" valign="top"></td>
<td width="554" valign="top"><li>Human relationship/identification<br />
<li>Birth Certificate<br />
<li>Family reunion<br />
<li>Inheritance<br />
<li>Housing benefit<br />
<li>Disputed paternity/maternity<br />
<li>Immigration<br />
<li>Disaster victim<br />
<li>Pre-natal paternity/maternity<br />
<li>Product of conception<br />
<li>Postmortem relationship</p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="3"><b><h3> Birth registration</h3></b>
<table width="942">
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<td width="25"> </td>
<td><p>In case the parents were not legally married when the child was born, then a declaration from the father to confirm the child’s paternity is required for verification of the permanent resident status of the child in the HKSAR by presenting a legal DNA paternity test report (Immigration Ordinance, Chapter 115).</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<b>
<h3> Court-directed test<br />
</h3>
</b>
<table width="942">
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<td width="25"> </td>
<td><p>When claiming for inheritance, family members will need to prove their relationship with the deceased by DNA testing if the relationship is disputed. In this regard, samples used for postmortem paternity test include biopsy and autopsy tissues, FFPE tissues on slides, or other biological remains of the deceased can also be tested by GenePro. If none of the samples from the deceased person are available, testing samples from other close relatives (e.g. father/mother, brother/sister, aunt/uncle) is an alternative to establish the relationship.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<b>
<h3><b> Ancestry and long lost sibling</b><br />
</h3>
</b>
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<td width="25"> </td>
<td> <p>Some older generations may not have the same surname with the siblings despite they are biologically related. Changing name on birth registration certificate requires proving whether both siblings share the same biological father. This can be achieved by conducting a siblingship test as well as ancestry study by including other family members when their parents are not available for testing.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3> Insurance claims and social benefit claims<br />
</h3>
<table width="942">
<tr>
<td width="25"> </td>
<td><p>A DNA test is normally required to prove paternity/maternity of the child if the father or mother wishes to purchase life insurance for the child or appoint the child as his/her life insurance beneficiary.<br />
A DNA test is often required in social benefits claims, e.g. public housing.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
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